- 체계적이고 안정적인 고득점 완성- 생소한 헌법을 친숙한 헌법으로
- 시험에서 활용 가능한 스킬 완성
헌법과목은 유형별로는 ① 이론, ② 판례, ③ 헌법조문, ④ 부속법령을 학습해야하고, 세부적인 편제로는 ① 헌법총론, ② 기본권론, ③ 통치구조론, ④ 헌법재판론을 체계적으로 학습하여야 합니다.
그 중 경찰공무원 시험은 편제상 ① 헌법총론과 ② 기본권론이 그 시험의 출제범위에 포함됩니다.
헌법은 “법”을 공부해야하는 지식형 시험인 동시에, 다른 법과목에 비해 추상적이고 이념적입니다. 실제
생활에서 가깝게 느껴지지 않는 내용들이 담겨있다보니 낯설고 어렵습니다.
헌법에서 다루고 있는 내용이 무엇인지, 헌법이 어떤 실제적인 이야기를 담고 있는지를 이해하면 헌법이
더욱 쉽고 재미있습니다.
지식형 과목에 해당하는 헌법을 공부하기 위해서는 공부방법도 달라야합니다.
추상적이고 정치적인 헌법의 이론과 판례를 스토리텔링 위주로 정리하고, 이해와 함께 암기할 부분은
암기할 수 있도록 체계적인 지식 습득을 목표로 학습하여야 합니다.
본 교재는 위와 같은 고민을 기초로 쓰여졌습니다.
편제와 목차의 구성, 판례와 조문의 배치, 이론의 설명 등 모든 부분에 있어서 가장 효율적이고 이해하기
쉬운 방법으로 기술하기 위해 노력하였습니다.
수험생분들이 본 교재를 통해 학습량이 방대한 헌법의 중요한 부분과 그렇지 않은 부분의 강약을 조절
하고, 이 한권으로 시험 대비에 충분할 수 있도록 많은 고민과 수정작업을 거쳤습니다.
본 교재의 특징은 다음과 같습니다.
1. 경찰채용과 간부시험에 헌법 과목이 도입되고 그 범위가 “헌법총론, 기본권론”이라고 정해진 뒤, 저
는 2021. 12. 28. “경찰대학”에 정확한 헌법 시험 범위에 대한 정보공개청구를 하였고, 이후 행정심
판까지 청구한 뒤 정확한 출제범위에 대한 안내를 받을 수 있었습니다. 이에 따르면 우리 헌법 시험
범위에는 “포괄위임금지, 입법부작위, 대통령의 국가긴급권” 등 통치구조와의 경계선에 있는 내용들
이 모두 포함됩니다. 본 교재에는 제가 경찰대학으로부터 전달받은 헌법 시험범위가 모두 반영되어
있습니다.
2. 그동안 시행되었던 채용시험, 간부후보생시험, 경력경쟁채용시험 문제를 모두 분석하여 기출표시를
해두었습니다.
3. 경찰직렬 시험 외에도 국가직·지방직 공무원시험, 5급공채와 입법고시, 변호사 시험 등 타 직렬의 기
출문제를 총 분석하여 시험에 출제되는 범위의 내용들을 모두 반영하고 기출표시를 하였습니다. 본
교재로 공부하는 것만으로 최근 모든 직렬의 기출문제들을 다 학습하는 효과가 있고, 기출 표시 위
주로 학습하신다면 혼자서도 강약조절을 하면서 공부하실 수 있습니다.
4. 2024년 2월까지 선고된 헌법재판소 결정례와 제·개정된 헌법부속법률 등을 모두 반영하였습니다.
한편 헌법재판소는 2024. 2. 28. 태아의 성별 고지를 금지한 의료법 제20조 제2항에 대해 위헌결정을
선고하였는데(2022헌마356), 해당 사건을 청구하여 위헌결정을 이끌어낸 변호사로서 해당 판례를 본 교재
에 수록하고 여러분들에게 강의할 수 있어서 매우 큰 자부심을 느낍니다. 앞으로도 헌법소송실무를 함
께 하는 변호사로서 여러분들에게 좋은 강의와 교재를 전달할 수 있도록 하겠습니다.
이 교재로 공부하는 여러분들께 감사한 마음을 전합니다. 수험생분들에게 꼭 도움이 되어야 한다는 마
음에 늘 두렵고 떨리는 마음으로 교재작업을 하고 강의를 진행하고 있습니다. 저 역시도 변호사시험이
라는 시험의 수험생 생활을 해본 사람으로서, 힘든 길을 걸어가고 계신 모든 수험생분들에게 진심으로
격려와 박수를 보냅니다. 지금 이 고통은 언젠가는 끝이 납니다. 여러분들의 노력은 시험장에서 그 빛
을 발하게 될 것입니다. 자신감을 가지고 끝까지 성실하게 이 시기를 잘 견뎌내시기를 응원하겠습니다.
본 서 출간 이후에 개정되는 부속법률, 주요 판례변경, 교정 사항 및 오탈자에 대한 추록은 미래인재경
찰학원 홈페이지 또는 제 개인 카페인 다음카페
[강성민 변호사 헌법/행정법 교실] (https://cafe.daum.net/gangseongmin)에 업로드해두도록 하겠습니다.
합격의 기쁨을 맛보시고 세상에 꼭 필요한 사람이 되시기를 진심으로 응원합니다.
2024. 3. 31.
강성민 변호사 드림
제1편 기본권
제1장 기본권 총론
제1절 기본권 일반 ·······································································································································4
Ⅰ. 기본권의 의미 / 4 Ⅱ. 기본권의 분류 / 4
Ⅲ. 기본권 보장의 역사 / 6
제2절 기본권의 성격 ·······································································································································7
Ⅰ. 자연권성 및 실정권성, 주관적 공권 / 7 Ⅱ. 기본권의 이중적 성격 / 7
Ⅲ. 헌법관에 따른 기본권의 성격 / 7
제3절 기본권과 제도보장 ·······································································································································8
Ⅰ. 제도보장의 의의 / 8 Ⅱ. 현행 헌법상 제도보장 / 8
제4절 기본권의 주체 ······································································································································9
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 9 Ⅱ. 구체적 검토 / 9
제5절 기본권의 효력 ·····································································································································16
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 16 Ⅱ. 기본권의 대국가적 효력 / 16
Ⅲ. 기본권의 대사인적 효력 / 17
제6절 기본권의 경합과 충돌 ·······························································································································19
Ⅰ. 기본권의 경합 / 19 Ⅱ. 기본권의 충돌 / 21
제7절 기본권의 제한 및 한계 ·····························································································································24
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 24 Ⅱ. 기본권의 내재적 한계 / 24
Ⅲ. 기본권 제한의 유형 / 25 Ⅳ. 기본권 제한의 일반원칙 / 26
제8절 기본권의 침해와 구제 ·······························································································································58
Ⅰ. 입법부에 의한 침해와 구제 / 58 Ⅱ. 행정부에 의한 침해와 구제 / 63
Ⅲ. 사법부에 의한 침해와 구제 / 63 Ⅳ. 사인에 의한 침해와 구제 / 63
Ⅴ. 국가인권위원회를 통한 구제 / 63
제9절 기본권의 보호의무 ·····································································································································66
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 66 Ⅱ. 헌법적 근거 / 67
Ⅲ. 보호의무 이행의 심사기준 - 과소보호금지원칙 / 67
제2장 인간의 존엄과 가치⋅행복추구권
제1절 인간의 존엄과 가치 ···································································································································72
Ⅰ. 의의 및 성격 / 72 Ⅱ. 주 체 / 72
Ⅲ. 일반적 인격권 / 73
제2절 행복추구권 ···································································································································79
Ⅰ. 의의 및 법적 성격 / 79 Ⅱ. 내 용 / 80
제3장 평등권
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 97 Ⅱ. 내용 / 97
Ⅲ. 적극적 평등실현조치 / 106 Ⅳ. 간접차별 / 107
Ⅴ. 평등원칙에 관한 판례 / 107
제4장 자유권적 기본권
제1절 인신에 관한 자유 ····································································································································124
┃제1항┃ 생명권 / 124
Ⅰ. 의의 및 내용 / 124 Ⅱ. 제한 및 한계 / 124
┃제2항┃ 신체를 훼손당하지 않을 권리 / 127
┃제3항┃ 신체의 자유 / 127
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 127 Ⅱ. 신체의 자유의 실체적 보장 / 131
Ⅲ. 신체의 자유의 절차적 보장 / 146
제2절 사생활영역의 자유 ···································································································································172
┃제1항┃ 사생활의 비밀과 자유 / 172
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 172 Ⅱ. 표현의 자유와의 관계(기본권충돌) / 175
┃제2항┃ 주거의 자유 / 188
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 188 Ⅱ. 내 용 / 188
┃제3항┃ 거주⋅이전의 자유 / 190
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 190 Ⅱ. 주 체 / 191
Ⅲ. 내 용 / 191
┃제4항┃ 통신의 자유 / 193
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 193 Ⅱ. 내 용 / 193
Ⅲ. 효 력 / 195 Ⅳ. 제한 및 한계 / 195
제3절 정신생활영역의 자유 ·······························································································································201
┃제1항┃ 양심의 자유 / 201
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 201 Ⅱ. ‘양심’의 의의 / 201
Ⅲ. 주 체 / 202 Ⅳ. 내 용 / 203
Ⅴ. 제한 및 한계 / 203
┃제2항┃ 종교의 자유 / 208
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 208 Ⅱ. 주 체 / 208
Ⅲ. 내 용 / 208 Ⅳ. 제한 및 한계 / 209
Ⅴ. 국교부인과 정교분리의 원칙 / 212
┃제3항┃ 언론⋅출판의 자유 / 213
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 213 Ⅱ. 의사표현 및 전파의 자유(표현의 자유)의 내용 / 214
Ⅲ. 제 한 / 219 Ⅳ. 한 계 / 223
Ⅴ. 알 권리, 액세스권, 언론기관의 자유 / 225
┃제4항┃ 집회⋅결사의 자유 / 234
Ⅰ. 집회의 자유 / 234 Ⅱ. 결사의 자유 / 245
┃제5항┃ 학문과 예술의 자유 / 249
Ⅰ. 학문의 자유 / 249 Ⅱ. 예술의 자유 / 251
제4절 경제생활영역의 자유 ·······························································································································253
┃제1항┃ 재산권 / 253
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 253 Ⅱ. 재산권보장의 내용 / 259
Ⅲ. 재산권의 제한 / 260 Ⅳ. 재산권의 공용침해 / 264
Ⅴ. 재산권에 관한 헌법재판소 결정례 / 266 Ⅵ. 특별부담금의 헌법적 한계 / 274
┃제2항┃ 직업의 자유 / 277
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 277 Ⅱ. 주 체 / 279
Ⅲ. 내 용 / 280 Ⅳ. 제한 및 한계 / 282
┃제3항┃ 소비자의 권리 / 301
제5장 정치적 기본권
제1절 총 설 ················································································································································303
제2절 참정권 ················································································································································303
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 303 Ⅱ. 법적 성격 / 303
Ⅲ. 주 체 / 303 Ⅳ. 내 용 / 304
Ⅴ. 참정권 제한의 한계 / 317
제6장 청구권적 기본권
제1절 청구권적 기본권 일반이론 ······················································································································318
제2절 청원권 ··········································································································································318
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 319 Ⅱ. 내 용 / 319
Ⅲ. 청원법 이외의 관련 법률 / 322
제3절 기재판청구권 ··········································································································································325
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 325 Ⅱ. 법적 성격 / 325
Ⅲ. 주 체 / 326 Ⅳ. 내 용 / 326
Ⅴ. 재판청구권의 제한 / 340 Ⅵ. 형사피해자의 재판절차진술권 / 344
제4절 국가배상청구권 ········································································································································346
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 346 Ⅱ. 법적 성격 / 346
Ⅲ. 주 체 / 346 Ⅳ. 내 용 / 347
Ⅴ. 국가배상책임의 성질 / 349 Ⅵ. 배상책임자 / 350
Ⅶ. 국가배상청구의 절차 / 351 Ⅷ. 국가배상청구권의 제한 / 352
제5절 형사보상청구권 ········································································································································355
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 355 Ⅱ. 주 체 / 356
Ⅲ. 내 용 / 356
제6절 범죄피해자구조청구권 ······························································································································361
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 361 Ⅱ. 법적 성격 / 362
Ⅲ. 주 체 / 362 Ⅳ. 내 용 / 362
제7장 사회적 기본권
제1절 사회적 기본권의 일반론 ··························································································································366
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 366 Ⅱ. 법적 성격 / 366
제2절 인간다운 생활을 할 권리 ························································································································367
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 367 Ⅱ. 주 체 / 368
Ⅲ. 내 용 / 368 Ⅳ. 제한 및 한계 / 371
제3절 교육을 받을 권리 ····································································································································373
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 373 Ⅱ. 성 격 / 374
Ⅲ. 주 체 / 375 Ⅳ. 교육을 받을 권리의 내용 / 375
Ⅴ. 교육제도의 보장 / 381
제4절 근로의 권리 ·······································································································································387
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 387 Ⅱ. 성 격 / 387
Ⅲ. 주 체 / 388 Ⅳ. 내 용 / 388
제5절 근로3권 ········································································································································393
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 393 Ⅱ. 법적 성격 / 393
Ⅲ. 주 체 / 394 Ⅳ. 근로3권의 내용 / 395
Ⅴ. 근로3권의 제한 및 한계 / 400
제6절 환경권 ·····································································································································405
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 405 Ⅱ. 성 격 / 405
Ⅲ. 환경권의 보호대상 / 406 Ⅳ. 침해와 구제 / 406
제7절 혼인과 가족생활의 보장 ··························································································································408
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 408 Ⅱ. 성 격 / 408
Ⅲ. 내 용 / 408
제8절 모성의 보호 ·········································································································································417
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 417 Ⅱ. 내 용 / 417
제9절 보건권 ········································································································································417
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 417 Ⅱ. 내 용 / 418
제8장 국민의 기본적 의무
Ⅰ. 의 의 / 420 Ⅱ. 기본적 의무의 내용 / 420
제2편 헌법총권
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